Frankenstein by Mary Shelley

Thinking Activity by Megha ma'm Trivedi

Mary shelley :

Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (UK:30 August 1797 – 1 February 1851) was an English novelist who wrote the Gothic novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818), which is considered an early example of science fiction.She also edited and promoted the works of her husband, the Romantic poet and philosopher Percy Bysshe Shelley. Her father was the political philosopher William Godwin and her mother was the philosopher and women's rights advocate Mary Wollstonecraft.

Frankenstein : overview

Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is an 1818 novel written by English author Mary Shelley. Frankenstein tells the story of Victor Frankenstein, a young scientist who creates a sapient creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was 18, and the first edition was published anonymously in London on 1 January 1818, when she was 20. Her name first appeared in the second edition, which was published in Paris in 1821.

Frankenstein is one of the most well-known works of English literature. Infused with elements of the Gothic novel and the Romantic movement, it has had a considerable influence on literature and on popular culture, spawning a complete genre of horror stories, films, and plays. Since the publication of the novel, the name "Frankenstein" has often been used, erroneously, to refer to the monster, rather than to his creator/father.

1) What are some major differences between the movie and the novel Frankenstein?

Yes, movie and novel has some kinds of different . Difference in character, in some scenes also. Major difference is ending scene. In novel Victor refuse to make another creature like monster. But in movie Victor made another figure with the help of Elizabeth's dead body. 

Again at the very last Monster did incremation of Victor as his father or creator. But in novel there is no ritual like that. Victor died because of illness. So these are major difference in novel or movie. 

2) Who do you think is a real monster? 

This is controversial  Question. As per thr novel creature is monster but i don't think so. Because The Creature, despite his terrifying appearance, is not born evil. He is created innocent and becomes monstrous as a result of how he is treated by society. First he learned words like  Family and Friend so it seems his innocent. His actions, which are often violent and vengeful, come from his deep emotional pain and loneliness. In this sense, the Creature is a tragic figure rather than an inherently evil monster.

According to me Victor Frankenstein can be seen as a real monster because his unchecked ambition, lack of responsibility, and cruelty toward his creation are the driving forces behind the suffering and tragedy in the story. He creates life and then abandons it, which causes the Creature to become isolated and vengeful. Victor's failure to take accountability for his actions makes him monstrous in his disregard for life and his responsibility.

3) Do you think the search for knowledge is dangerous and destructive?

The search for knowledge itself is not inherently dangerous or destructive; rather, it is how knowledge is sought and applied that can lead to negative outcomes. Knowledge can lead to progress, innovation, and the betterment of humanity, but it can also be misused or pursued without consideration of ethical implications, which may cause harm.

In the case of Frankenstein, the pursuit of knowledge becomes dangerous because Victor Frankenstein is driven by an obsessive desire to transcend human limitations without considering the ethical and moral consequences. His ambition to conquer life and death blinds him to the potential harm, and he neglects his responsibility toward his creation. This destructive pursuit ultimately leads to tragedy and suffering, not just for him but for others.

In a broader sense, history has shown that scientific discoveries, when misused (e.g., nuclear weapons, environmental degradation), can have devastating consequences. However, many discoveries—such as advancements in medicine, technology, and communication—have positively transformed society and improved the quality of life.

So, the danger lies not in the pursuit of knowledge itself, but in how knowledge is used, the motivations behind its pursuit, and whether those seeking it are mindful of its broader impact on the world and its ethical dimensions.

4) Do you think Victor Frankenstein's creature was inherently evil, or did society's rejection and mistreatment turn him into a monster?

Yes, i totally agree with this that the Creature in Frankenstein was not inherently evil; rather, it was society's rejection and mistreatment that turned him into a "monster."

At the beginning of the novel, the Creature is innocent and curious, with a basic desire for love, companionship, and acceptance. He is initially gentle and kind-hearted, even attempting to help people, like the De Lacey family. However, when society—represented by people who react with fear, disgust, and violence toward his appearance—rejects him, he becomes increasingly isolated and vengeful. This rejection breeds anger and bitterness, and eventually, the Creature turns to violence to seek revenge on his creator, Victor Frankenstein, and those around him.

The Creature's transformation is a powerful commentary on how societal rejection and prejudice can shape individuals. He is, in many ways, a reflection of how cruelty and neglect can turn an innocent being into what society deems a "monster." Rather than being born evil, the Creature becomes monstrous in response to the way he is treated, highlighting the novel's themes of empathy, responsibility, and the consequences of abandoning those who are different.

So, the true tragedy is not just that the Creature looks different, but that he is subjected to cruelty without understanding or compassion, which ultimately leads him to embrace his destructive side.

5) Should there be limits on scientific exploration? If so, what should those limits be?

Yes, there should be limits on scientific exploration to ensure that progress benefits humanity without causing harm. Ethical considerations must be at the forefront of scientific work, such as ensuring that experiments involving humans and animals are conducted responsibly, with informed consent and minimal suffering. Additionally, there should be strict regulations on research that could lead to harmful outcomes, such as genetic manipulation, the weaponization of technology, or the environmental impact of certain experiments. Scientific advancements must be approached with caution to avoid consequences like environmental degradation or social inequality.

Furthermore, the potential for harm must be considered when exploring new technologies. This includes preventing the misuse of AI, ensuring the safe application of powerful technologies like nuclear energy, and guarding against the risks of scientific advancements leading to dangerous power imbalances. Scientific exploration should be accountable and transparent, with strict oversight to ensure that the pursuit of knowledge aligns with ethical responsibilities, global safety, and the well-being of all.

Some glimpse of movie screening 👇

John Keats as Romantic Poet

This blog is part of thinking activity given by Megha Ma'm Trivedi

 About john Keats :

John Keats (31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821) was an English poet of the second generation of Romantic poets, along with Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley. His poems had been in publication for less than four years when he died of tuberculosis at the age of 25. They were indifferently received in his lifetime, but his fame grew rapidly after his death.By the end of the century, he was placed in the canon of English literature, strongly influencing many writers of the Pre - Raphaelite Brotherhood; the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1888 called one ode "one of the final masterpieces".

Keats as Romantic Poet 

John Keats belongs to the second generation of the romantic poets. His contemporary was

Shelley and Lord Byron. Keats is in many ways the most romantic of all romantic poets.

Romantic poetry aims at the complete expression of the individual as compared to classical

poetry, which aims at the expression of social experience. Other romantic poets have some

political or social comment in their poetry. Poetry of Keats is not a vehicle of any prophecy. It is

poetry for its own sake. It has no moral, no political or social significance.

He is best known  for his ODES, which are  Lyrical Poems  that express 

his  emotions and thoughts of various  subject , such as nature,

Art.,Love, Death and Beauty. Some of his famous ODEs are   “ODE TO A

GRECIAN URN”, “ODE TO A NIGHTINGALE”, “ODE ON A GRECIAN URN” AND

“ODE ON MELANCHOLY”. He also wrote a  long epic poel called 

ENDYMION, which tells the story of a SHEPHERD who falls in love with A MOON GODDESS.

Keats was influenced by the classical legends and myth of ancient 

GREECE AND ROME,  as well as by the work of othe poet such as 

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, EDMUND SPENSER and  JOHN MILTON. He had a philosophy of NEGATIVE CAPABILITY, which means being able to appreciate something without trying to explain it or understand it logically. He also believed in the power of imagination and creativity over reason and logic.keats is considered one of the  GREATEST  poet in ENGLISH LITERATURE

 And one of the most  INFLUENTIAL FIGURES of ROMANTICISM. His poems are admired for their RICH IMAGERY, SENSUOUS APPEAL, MUSICAL  language and emotional  depth. 

CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMANTIC POETRY OF JOHN KEATS :

John Keats, a key figure in the Romantic movement, is renowned for his richly sensuous and imaginative poetry. Some key characteristics of his work include:

1. Sensuous Imagery

Keats’s poetry is filled with vivid descriptions that appeal to the senses, evoking rich images of sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell. This creates an immersive experience for the reader.

Example: In "Ode to a Nightingale", Keats describes the nightingale’s song as something that transcends reality:

"Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!

No hungry generations tread thee down;"

2. Romantic Themes

Keats explores themes like the transience of life, the beauty of nature, and the tension between idealism and reality. His work often reflects the Romantic focus on emotion, the sublime in nature, and the individual's inner world.

Example: In "Ode on a Grecian Urn", Keats muses on the contrast between the eternal beauty of the scenes depicted on the urn and the fleeting nature of human life:

"When old age shall this generation waste,

Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe

Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou say’st,

'Beauty is truth, truth beauty,—that is all

Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.'"

3. Melancholy and Mortality

Keats often grapples with themes of mortality, melancholy, and the inevitability of death, though he does so with a sense of beauty and grace.

Example: In "When I Have Fears That I May Cease to Be ", Keats reflects on his fear of dying young before achieving his poetic potential or experiencing love:

"When I have fears that I may cease to be

Before my pen has glean’d my teeming brain,

Before high-piled books, in charactery,

Hold like rich garners the full ripen’d grain."

4. Negative Capability

Keats coined the term Negative Capability, which refers to the poet's ability to embrace uncertainty, doubt, and ambiguity without seeking clear answers. This concept allows for a more profound exploration of complex emotions.

Example: In "Ode to a Nightingale", the poet reflects on the mystery of death and the idea of an afterlife without coming to a definitive conclusion:

"Darkling I listen; and, for many a time

I have been half in love with easeful Death,

Call’d him soft names in many a mused rhyme,

To take into the air my quiet breath;"

5. Escapism

Keats often expresses a desire to escape from the harsh realities of life into a world of imagination, beauty, and art.

Example: In "Ode to a Nightingale", Keats yearns to escape into the timeless world of the nightingale’s song, away from the suffering and mortality of the human condition:

"Away! away! for I will fly to thee,

Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,

But on the viewless wings of Poesy,

Though the dull brain perplexes and retards."

These characteristics combined make Keats's poetry a deeply emotional, richly descriptive, and philosophically profound body of work that continues to resonate with readers.

Conclusion :

To conclude we can say the span of Keats’ life fell within, what is known as the age

of Romantic Revival in English literature, and Keats fully imbibed the spirit of his age. He

touched all the aspects of romantic poetry-love for beauty, love for nature, love for past,

supernaturalism, glow for emotions, and the power of imagination. 

A Tale Of A Tub by Jonathan Swift

This blog is part of thinking activity , given by  Prakruti ma'm bhatt. 

Jonathan Swift

Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish satirist, author, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for the Whigs, then for the Tories), poet, and Anglican cleric who became Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin,hence his common sobriquet, "Dean Swift".

In what ways does Jonathan Swift critique the societal implications of the bookselling industry? 

Swift exposes how booksellers prioritize profit over the intellectual value of books. In the “Bookseller to the Reader” preface, the bookseller's primary concern is not the content but how well the book will sell. Swift mocks the idea that books are produced as commodities, and their value is determined by how fashionable or popular they are, rather than their quality or contribution to knowledge. This leads to the production and promotion of superficial, poorly written books.

In chapter 10 A Farther Digression, Swift criticizes how the market-driven nature of the bookselling industry lowers literary standards. He points out that booksellers flood the market with trendy, shallow works, catering to the public's appetite for novelty. As a result, true intellectual pursuit and meaningful literature are overshadowed by trivial, fashionable books. This digression implies that society is consuming more books but learning less.

Exploitation of Mediocre Writers in the Conclusion (Chapter 12), Swift satirizes how booksellers exploit the ambitions of untalented authors, encouraging them to publish works regardless of merit. He describes a literary culture where everyone wants to be a writer, and booksellers capitalize on this by publishing low-quality content. This promotes a culture of vanity and self-delusion among writers, who believe their works are of high value, further deteriorating the intellectual standards of society.

Create a memorable phrase (i.e. tagline) to receive readers' attention towards a literary text of your choice. 

For this i choose 'Dashakumaracharita' by Dandi. It is sanskrit literature. 

Dashakumaracharita: A Tapestry of Love, Betrayal, and Bravery”

A Tale of a Tub” as a Religious Allegory. 

The Brothers as Allegorical Figures

Peter (Catholicism):

Peter represents the Catholic Church, characterized by its hierarchical structure and tradition. Swift critiques the Catholic emphasis on ritual, authority, and the excesses of dogma. Peter’s adherence to tradition leads to rigidity and dogmatism, showcasing Swift's disdain for the church's reliance on established practices rather than genuine faith.

Martin (Protestantism):

Martin embodies Protestantism, particularly the Puritan strain. He represents a more personal and direct relationship with God but also critiques the sectarian divisions within Protestantism. Martin's focus on scripture and individual interpretation leads to moralism and a lack of unity, reflecting Swift's concerns about the fragmentation of Christian belief and the chaos resulting from differing interpretations.

Jack (Dissenters):

Jack symbolizes the radical Dissenters, including the more extreme sects that emerged in Swift's time. He embodies the chaos and unpredictability of unregulated belief, representing the potential for fanaticism and absurdity when religious ideology is taken to extremes. Swift critiques the lack of structure and the potential for moral ambiguity in these sects. 

Throughout the text, Swift employs digressions that critique specific religious practices. For instance, he discusses the nature of sermons and the superficiality of religious discourse, highlighting how some religious leaders prioritize eloquence over substance. These digressions reveal the absurdities in religious practices that prioritize formality over genuine spirituality.

Swift points to the hypocrisy within religious institutions, showing how individuals often fail to live up to the ideals they espouse. The interactions between the brothers illustrate how their beliefs lead to conflict rather than unity, emphasizing the disconnection between professed faith and actual practices.

The allegory underscores the idea that all human institutions, including religion, are susceptible to corruption and folly. The brothers' failures and conflicts serve as a reminder that no single interpretation of faith is immune to critique or error, promoting a more nuanced understanding of religious belief.

How has Swift critiqued the contemporary writers, writing practices and critics of his time?

In the opening chapter, Swift mocks the conventions of literary prefaces and introductions. He satirizes authors who adopt false humility, presenting themselves as modest while seeking acclaim. This critique sets the tone for his disdain toward writers who prioritize reputation over substance, indicating that many authors are more concerned with pleasing their audience than with genuine intellectual engagement.

Chapter 3: The Characters of the BrothersHere, Swift introduces the three brothers—representing different aspects of human knowledge and belief. He uses their characteristics to critique the various schools of thought and writing styles of his contemporaries. By depicting them as flawed and misguided, Swift suggests that contemporary writers often lack depth and clarity, leading to confusion and misinterpretation in their works.

Chapter 5: The Fable of the BrothersIn this chapter, Swift elaborates on the absurdity of literary debates among his contemporaries. He satirizes the tendency of writers to engage in trivial disputes, often over minor details, rather than addressing more significant philosophical or moral questions. This critique highlights the pettiness of literary criticism at the time, suggesting that critics focus on irrelevant matters while neglecting the essence of true literature.

Chapter 7: The Digression on the Nature of the Work.Swift critiques the writing practices of his contemporaries, particularly their obsession with style over substance. He suggests that many writers prioritize elaborate language and fashionable expressions rather than meaningful content. This emphasis on style diminishes the quality of literature, leading to a culture where surface-level appeal overshadows genuine intellectual exploration.

Chapter 10: A Farther Digression.In this chapter, Swift takes aim at the commercialization of literature and the shallow nature of contemporary writing. He ridicules the trend of publishing works that follow current fads rather than contributing to knowledge. Swift portrays booksellers as complicit in this decline, prioritizing profit over literary merit, and he criticizes authors who produce mediocre works for popularity's sake.

Chapter 12: The Conclusion.In the final chapter, Swift addresses the delusions of both writers and critics. He lampoons the tendency of authors to overestimate the value of their work and the critics who inflate their importance. By mocking the self-importance and vanity prevalent in the literary world, Swift underscores a culture where true wisdom and meaningful literature are overshadowed by self-serving motives.

Swift also mention three species of writer :

1) Fault Finding

2) Ancient learning

3) Noblest critic

What would you say to Jonathan Swift in a letter responding to his satirical work "A Tale of a Tub"?

How does Swift use satire to mock the reading habits of his audience? Discuss with reference to A Tale of a Tub. 

In the preface, Swift adopts a sarcastic tone, presenting himself as a humble author while simultaneously criticizing the expectations and behaviors of readers. He mocks those who seek entertainment rather than enlightenment, implying that many readers are more interested in being amused by clever language than in grappling with serious ideas. This sets the stage for his broader critique of the literary culture of his time.

In starting Swift continues to satirize the reading habits of his audience by lampooning the conventions of literary introductions. He suggests that readers are often drawn to works based on their popularity or the reputation of the author rather than the quality of the content. This critique underscores the idea that readers prioritize superficial factors, reflecting a lack of discernment in their literary choices.

 In chapter 10, Swift critiques the obsession with novelty in literature, highlighting how readers are easily swayed by trends. He satirizes the practice of consuming books that cater to current fads, suggesting that this leads to a culture of mediocrity where depth is sacrificed for momentary amusement. Swift’s portrayal of this trend reveals his frustration with an audience that values style over substance.

Chapter 11.Swift expands on his critique by illustrating how readers are often passive consumers of literature. He mocks their tendency to accept what is popular without critical engagement. Through humorous exaggeration, he suggests that readers blindly follow literary trends, contributing to a culture where meaningful discourse is replaced by shallow enthusiasm for fashionable work.

In the conclusion, Swift addresses the delusions of both authors and readers. He ridicules the tendency of readers to overvalue mediocre works while dismissing more profound literature. By highlighting the disconnect between what readers cherish and what constitutes genuine literary merit, Swift underscores the absurdity of their reading habits. He suggests that the audience’s lack of critical judgment leads to a decline in the quality of literature and intellectual discourse.

Overall, Swift’s satire serves to critique not only the reading habits of his audience but also the broader literary culture that prioritizes entertainment over enlightenment. By using humor and exaggeration, he exposes the superficiality and lack of depth in the ways readers engage with literature, urging them to seek a more meaningful relationship with written works.

IKIGAI : The Japanese Secret to a Long and Healthy Life | by

This blog is part of book review. 

Recently I complete the reading of IKIGAI Written by the Spanish health and lifestyle authors; Hector Garcia and Francesc Miralles, one of their many books on Japanese culture, Ikigai is a self-improvement book about finding meaning in life and how having a sense of purpose contributes to longevity.

There are some major points that I note during the reading :

1.Ikigai:

 The Japanese Concept of a Meaningful Life.Ikigai translates to "a reason for being" or "a reason to wake up in the morning." It's the convergence of four primary elements:

What you love (Passion)W

hat the world needs (Mission)What you are good at (Vocation)

What you can be paid for (Profession)

Ikigai promotes a holistic approach to life that includes mindset, food, lifestyle, and thinking:

Mindset: Focus on mindfulness, living in the present, and finding joy in small, everyday moments.

Lifestyle: Simple living, engaging in moderate physical activities like walking or gardening.

Food: A balanced and plant-based diet, often including fermented foods like miso and fish rich in omega-3s.

Thinking: Prioritizing community, connection, and purposeful work, which brings satisfaction and contentment.

2. Yuval Noah Harari's Ideas

Harari, the author of Sapiens, Homo Deus, and 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, offers deep insights into:History of humanity: He emphasizes how human beings are unique due to their ability to create shared myths, including money, religion, and nations.Technology and AI: He warns of the rapid advancement of AI and its potential impact on jobs, ethics, and human existence.

3.Boredom and Distraction:

 Harari mentions that humans have become addicted to constant stimulation and have lost the ability to sit with boredom, which was previously an essential part of life. He urges people to reclaim their ability to reflect and be bored as a way to achieve deeper insights and mindfulness.Resilience: Harari suggests that humans can build resilience through embracing uncertainty and recognizing their inherent adaptability.Boredom is often viewed negatively, but it has transformative potential:It encourages self-reflection and creativity. Many great ideas arise from moments of boredom.Modern society, with its focus on constant stimulation, has diminished our capacity for deep thinking.Being bored can reconnect us with our true desires, help us understand what genuinely drives us, and lead us towards our own Ikigai.

4. Resilience

Resilience is the ability to bounce back after adversity. It's about:Mental toughness: Developing the strength to face challenges.Flexibility: Adapting to changing circumstances without breaking.Growth mindset: Viewing setbacks as opportunities to learn and improve.Connection: Strong social ties and community support play a crucial role in fostering resilience.

5. Antifragility 

Coined by Nassim Nicholas Taleb, antifragility goes beyond resilience:While resilience refers to enduring and returning to a previous state after a shock, antifragility means thriving and growing stronger from stressors, shocks, and failures.Example: Biological systems (like muscles) get stronger after being stressed.Key principle: Embrace challenges, randomness, and uncertainty as sources of growth. Antifragile people and systems don’t just survive chaos—they improve because of it.

Conclusion: Integration of All Ideas

Ikigai gives a sense of purpose, providing a roadmap for a balanced life that promotes health and happiness.Harari’s insights remind us of the importance of understanding human nature, embracing boredom, and being aware of technological and societal shifts.Boredom encourages deeper thinking, reflection, and creativity, which are essential for finding Ikigai.Resilience helps us face challenges and recover, while antifragility pushes us to view these challenges as opportunities for growth, not just survival.Together, these concepts offer a blueprint for living a purposeful, balanced, and fulfilling life while navigating the complexities of modern existence.

PURITAN AND RESTORATION AGE

This blog assigned by Dilip Barad sir

PURITAN AGE 

Background 

The Puritan Age (1620-1660) was marked by significant political and religious upheaval in England. The Puritan movement sought both personal righteousness and civil and religious liberty. Unlike the Renaissance in Italy, which was more sensuous and pagan, the Puritan movement aimed to bring moral and political reform, resisting the despotism of rulers. It included people from various religious backgrounds united against tyranny, with prominent figures like Cromwell, Milton, and Hooker leading the charge. Though the Puritans are often viewed as rigid and austere, the movement was deeply tied to the pursuit of freedom and justice.

During this era, there was a profound political struggle between the monarchy and Parliament, resulting in the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of Cromwell's Commonwealth. The Puritans' fight for liberty helped modern England emerge.

Puritan Literature :

Puritan literature is deeply intertwined with religious and moral themes. The writers of this period viewed life through the lens of their faith, which focused on the strict moral principles of Puritanism, a movement advocating personal righteousness and religious purity. A dominant theme was the struggle between good and evil, often interpreted as the individual's battle against sin to achieve spiritual salvation. Biblical references and metaphors permeate much of Puritan literature, and its authors frequently emphasized the virtues of hard work, humility, and piety.The literature also reflects the Puritans' view of human life as a pilgrimage or spiritual journey. Earthly pleasures were often seen as distractions, and the focus was on spiritual readiness for the afterlife. Additionally, Puritan authors often critiqued the monarchy and the established church, reflecting the political and religious tensions of the time. Works were marked by a somber tone, often exploring themes of divine judgment and human frailty.

 

Influence of the English Civil War on Puritan Literature:

The English Civil War (1642-1651) between Royalists (supporters of King Charles I) and Parliamentarians (many of whom were Puritans) profoundly impacted the literature of the time. The political struggle between the monarchy and the forces seeking greater personal and religious liberty mirrored the tensions in Puritan literature. The war heightened the sense of religious duty among Puritan writers, who saw it as part of a divine mission to reform both church and state.Literature during and after the war reflected the triumph of Puritan ideals of personal responsibility and governance by consent, but also the personal hardships and spiritual questioning that accompanied the conflict. The destruction of the old order, the execution of Charles I, and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell fueled works that celebrated freedom from tyranny but lamented the price of civil war. Writers often explored themes of sacrifice, divine providence, and the restoration of moral order.

 Prominent Writers:

John Milton (1608-1674) is one of the most significant figures of Puritan literature. His epic poem Paradise Lost (1667) stands as the greatest literary achievement of the era, reflecting the profound religious and moral questions of the time. The poem narrates the biblical story of the Fall of Man, portraying Satan’s rebellion against God and the eventual expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden. Milton’s powerful use of blank verse, his deep exploration of free will, obedience, and divine justice, and his profound theological reflections make this work a masterpiece of English literature.Milton’s other important works include Paradise Regained (1671) and Samson Agonistes (1671), both of which further explore the themes of redemption and divine grace. As a staunch Puritan, Milton also produced significant political writings advocating for freedom of speech and the republican cause, such as Areopagitica (1644).

John Bunyan (1628-1688), another major Puritan writer, is best known for his allegorical work The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678). This religious allegory follows the journey of Christian, an everyman figure, from his home in the City of Destruction to the Celestial City, representing the soul’s progress toward salvation. The work emphasizes Puritan values of repentance, perseverance, and faith, portraying the Christian life as a journey fraught with temptation and spiritual trials.Bunyan work was deeply influenced by his own religious experiences, having been imprisoned for his nonconformist beliefs. His other notable works include Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (1666), an autobiographical account of his spiritual struggles, and The Life and Death of Mr. Badman (1680), which contrasts with The Pilgrim’s Progress by focusing on a life lived in sin.

Both Milton and Bunyan exemplify the profound religious and moral concerns of Puritan literature, offering works that have shaped the English literary tradition while conveying the spiritual and political tensions of their age.

RESTORATION AGE

Background

The Restoration was an time in the history of the British Isles that started in 1660. In 1660 the House of Stuart was restored to power after the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The Restoration came after The Protectorate, when Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard Cromwell had led the government. The kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland started to have a monarchy again. "The Restoration" means both the events at the start of Charles II's reign and the period of time after they happened.

 Defining Features of Restoration Literature:

 Restoration literature marked a significant departure from earlier standards, reflecting the period's social upheavals. Key features include a tendency towards realism, often portraying the vices of court life, and an emphasis on formalism. The literature of this era moved away from the imaginative, patriotic style of Elizabethan and Puritan literature, favoring instead a more precise, structured expression. This period also introduced the heroic couplet, particularly through poets like Dryden and Waller, which became the dominant form for nearly a century. Another characteristic was the adoption of a more direct and simple prose style, influenced by French literature, emphasizing clarity and conciseness.

 Influence of the Restoration of the Monarchy: 

The Restoration of Charles II in 1660 profoundly influenced the literature of the period. The moral and political corruption of the court and society mirrored the loosening of Puritan restraints. Writers, many of whom had been in exile with Charles, returned to England influenced by French literary styles, leading to a shift in English drama and poetry. French influence led to a focus on form and structure, often at the expense of substance. The depravity of the court and its focus on pleasure influenced literary themes, with plays and poetry often reflecting the licentiousness and moral ambiguity of the time.

Emergence of Satire and Comedy:

 Satire and comedy became prominent genres during the Restoration, particularly in response to the corrupt nature of the court and society. Writers like Dryden and Wycherley used wit and humor to critique the moral failings of the aristocracy. This period also saw the rise of a vulgar realism in drama, focusing on the flaws and vices of its characters. However, by the end of the century, the excesses of Restoration comedy and drama were criticized, leading to a literary movement towards more morally conscious works, such as those influenced by Jeremy Collier's critique in 1698.

Prominent writers of the Age

John Dryden (19 August 1631 -12 May 1700) a prominent literary figure of the Restoration period, produced works in various genres, including drama, satire, poetry, and prose. His dramatic works, although numerous, are largely forgotten due to their moral decay. However, All for Love stands out as a notable play, where Dryden, departing from his favored heroic couplet, adopted blank verse to rework Antony and Cleopatra, showing his potential in tragedy.In the realm of satirical poetry, Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel is his most famous work. It is a powerful political satire that uses biblical allegory to mock figures like the Duke of Monmouth (Absalom) and Lord Shaftesbury (Achitophel). This work solidified Dryden's reputation and had significant political impact during its time.

As a prose writer, Dryden had a significant influence on the development of English prose. His clear, concise style, exemplified in his Essay of Dramatic Poesy, helped lay the foundation for modern literary criticism and set a standard for the clarity and precision that would define English prose in the classical age.

William Congreve (24 January 1670 – 19 January 1729) an English playwright, poet and Whig politician. His works, which form an important component of Restoration literature, were known for their use of satire and the comedy of manners genre. Notable plays he wrote include The Old Bachelor (1693), The Double Dealer (1694), Love for Love (1695), The Mourning Bride (1697) and The Way of the World (1700). He died in London, and was buried at the Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

The major themes in William Congreve's works, especially in the context of his Restoration comedies, center around the satire of societal norms and the comedy of manners. His plays often explore the complexities of romantic relationships and marriage, exposing the hypocrisies, deceit, and superficiality of the upper-class society of his time.

Conclusion :

The transformation from the Puritan to the Restoration Age marked a significant shift from strict moral austerity to a period of excess, indulgence, and political instability following the return of Charles II in 1660. While the Puritan era emphasized religious discipline and repression of personal freedoms, the Restoration embraced pleasure, wit, and a rejection of previous constraints, especially in its literature, which saw the rise of satire and the comedy of manners. However, the decadence of the Restoration also exposed the dangers of unchecked monarchy and moral laxity, ultimately leading the societal realization of the need for political balance and cultural refinement.

Reference

,“Age.“Puritan age.” Google Docs, docs.google.com/document/d/10Vf2cBoeFea3RGj9xp_-z83Q3VCM0vu1OeIhi6UKc7g/edit?

---. “William Congreve.” Wikipedia, 3 Feb. 2024, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Congreve.

Long, William J. English Literature. Maple Press Pvt. Limited, 2012.

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"Lockdown" By Poet Laureat Simon Armitage

This blog is part of our task assigned by Dilip Barad sir

About Author

Simon Robert Armitage CBE, FRSL (born 26 May 1963) is an English poet, playwright, musician and novelist. He was appointed Poet Laureate on 10 May 2019. He is professor of poetry at the University of Leeds.

About poem 

 The Poet Laureate responds to social distancing and isolation through poetry that “asks us just to focus, and think, and be contemplative.”

Published in The Guardian on Saturday 21 March 2020, Professor Armitage’s Lockdown begins in Eyam in 1666 and offers a clear view to a bright and supportive future.

Theme

Isolation 

 The poem reflects on the physical and emotional separation caused by quarantine, drawing a poignant comparison to the story of Emmott Syddall and Rowland Torre, lovers separated by the quarantine line in Eyam

Hope

Despite the isolation, the poem emphasizes the enduring human spirit and the hope for reconnection, as seen in the reference to the epic poem “Meghadūta” by Kālidāsa, where a cloud carries messages between separated lovers

Resilience

The villagers of Eyam, who quarantined themselves to prevent the spread of the plague, symbolize the strength to make sacrifices for the greater good. Despite the physical and emotional isolation, both in the poem and during the pandemic, there is a sense of survival and perseverance. The migratory birds pushing through tight spaces reflect the human capacity to adapt and overcome challenges. Ultimately, the poem highlights how, in the face of hardship, resilience emerges through love, sacrifice, and hope.

Imagery

"thimbles brimming with vinegar wine

purging the plagued coins"

 

The poem vividly describes the 17th-century plague with images like “infected fleas” and “plagued coins,” creating a haunting picture of the past

"streams like necklaces,

fan-tailed peacocks, painted elephants"

The reference to “Meghadūta” brings in lush, natural imagery such as “streams like necklaces” and “painted elephants,” symbolizing the journey and the hope for reunion. 

"Streams like necklaces"

Painted Elephant

 

Analysis

The poem "Lockdown" encompasses two dream sequences experienced by the speaker. The first dream sequence takes us back to the devastating years of 1665-1666, when a notorious plague known as the Black Death struck London, claiming the lives of countless individuals.Although the village mentioned in the poem, Eem, was not heavily affected compared to the northern parts of London, the spread of the plague across regions eventually reached this village as well. Consequently, a lockdown and quarantine were implemented, mirroring the measures taken during the Great Plague of London.Pictorial graphics from that time depict the horrifying. 

And I couldn’t escape the waking dream

of infected fleas

in the warp and weft of soggy cloth

by the tailor’s hearth

in ye olde Eyam.

Then couldn’t un-see

At the opening of poem poet creat hilarious image of plague during 17th century with the help of phrase like "Ye Olde Eyam" It depict specific time and place. Then "cook -eyed dice with its six dark holes " and "Boundry stone " Emphasize the situation of plague. 

the Boundary Stone,

that cock-eyed dice with its six dark holes,

thimbles brimming with vinegar wine

purging the plagued coins.

Which brought to mind the sorry story

of Emmott Syddall and Rowland Torre,

star-crossed lovers on either side

of the quarantine line

whose wordless courtship spanned the river

till she came no longer.

Here are two characters in the poem. Emmott Syddall and Rowland Torre both are true lover but they can't meet because of quarantine. The lovers attempted to maintain connection despite the physical distance. 

 

But slept again,

and dreamt this time

of the exiled yaksha sending word

to his lost wife on a passing cloud,

a cloud that followed an earthly map

of camel trails and cattle tracks,

streams like necklaces,

fan-tailed peacocks, painted elephants,

embroidered bedspreads

of meadows and hedges,

bamboo forests and snow-hatted peaks,

waterfalls, creeks,

the hieroglyphs of wide-winged cranes

and the glistening lotus flower after rain,

the air

hypnotically see-through, rare,

the journey a ponderous one at times, long and slow

but necessarily so.

The image of the yaksha sending word to his wife on a passing cloud adds a touch of enchantment and symbolism to the narrative. It reflects the imaginative power of dreams andthe ability of the human spirit to find solace and connection even in the most challenging circumstances. The passing cloud becomes a vehicle for communication, carrying the yaksha's message across the vast distances that separate him from his beloved.This reference taken from famous indian poet KALIDASA ' S "MEGHDUTA ".

Poet talk about where cloud travel . 

The line "a cloud that followed an earthly map of camel trails and cattle tracks" suggests thatthe cloud carrying the yaksha's message navigates through landscapes that are reminiscent of ancient trade routes and pastoral scenes. This imagery highlights the connection between nature and human existence, emphasizing the timeless quality of love and longing.The subsequent lines paint a vivid picture of the cloud's journey. "Streams like necklaces"evokes the beauty and serenity of flowing water, while "fan-tailed peacocks, painted elephants" brings to mind the richness and diversity of the natural world. The mention of"embroidered bedspreads of meadows and hedge" In last stanza depict beauty of nature and hope. That's how cloud journey the earth and poem close. 

Conclusion

In conclusion, Simon Armitage’s "Lockdown" captures the complexity of the human experience during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the sacrifices, isolation, and emotional resilience that defined this period. Through its rich imagery and historical parallels, the poem offers a profound reflection on how, in moments of crisis, the human spirit continues to find ways to survive, connect, and hope for better times ahead.

Post - truth - The word of the year (2016)

This blog is part of our Sunday reading and Bridge course which given by  Dilip Barad sir

 " post-truth "

Post - truth is not one phenomenon;the concept relate to the combination of tactics of influence and opinion manipulation orchestrated by powerful economy and political interests, which primarily target initiative or ideas with the transformative potential. 

What is called 'post-truth' is an expanded and new form of propaganda. Disinformation and opinion manipulation are old phenomena, and propaganda has existed  for long time. Throughout history powerful actors have applied this method to further their interests. However social media pushed organized disinformation to a level never - before witnessed. Consequently new form of opinion manipulation are emerging. 

Concept of post-truth :

In the wake of the political upheavals of Brexit and the 2016 U.S presidential election, "Post - truth" was selected as the word of the year by Oxford Dictionary (OED). Their entry for the word reads : "Relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief". 

 

An article on the OED web page explain that the prefix "post" does not refer to all time after truth, but rather to 'a time in which the specified concept [truth] has become unimportant or irrelevant. The 'Post-truth' suggests that the public , or the electorate shows little interest in 'The truth' (or objective facts), instead casting their votes for the candidate who manage to appeal to their emotions and belief. 

why post-truth was chosen as the word of the year in 2016 ? 

The OED decision to make " Poat - truth " their word of the year was based on the view that both the U. K.  referendum and the U. S. Presidential election were

 Won by politicians who were good at appealing to emotions, whereas politicians who tied their message to 'the way things are', that is to factual reality, lost out. 

For further reading

Emphasize the need for critical thinking and media literacy in today's digital age.

 

Information flows across borders and is accessed by a vast consumer base. Many of these consumer have impressionable minds that is, young people. It's thus imperative that they learn to look at any information objectively an critically, and midia. Literacy needs to be part of the modern day curriculum. Further, it has already been in library and information science, and journalism courses in higher education institutions. 

The free flow of ideas and information is a precondition for any democracy to flourished. This requires a free media that can function without fear Or power, with the government providing only a regulatory framework. 

Further, it dilutes the support and goodwill that are, at times, needed for development and progress. 

Discuss how the post-truth phenomenon affects the way people form opinions today. 

&

Include examples of how misinformation or emotionally charged content has shaped public opinion in recent times.

The supreme Court directed electronic, print and social media platforms to ensure that the unverified and misleading news that may cause any disturbance or unfounded fear in the public is not disseminated. Creates a problem for the government and dents media credibility. 

Overall, the post-truth phenomenon alters the process of opinion formation by elevating emotion and belief over evidence, fostering ideological divides, and complicating efforts to engage in fact-based, reasoned discussion.

COVID-19 Pandemic:

During the pandemic, misinformation about the virus, vaccines, and public health measures spread widely, especially on social media platforms. False claims about vaccine safety, the virus being a hoax, or miracle cures like hydroxychloroquine gained traction.Emotionally charged narratives, such as fears of government overreach or personal liberty, influenced many to oppose lockdowns, mask mandates, or vaccines, despite scientific evidence. This contributed to vaccine hesitancy, protests, and even violence in some places.

U.S. 2020 Presidential Election:

Claims of widespread voter fraud during the 2020 U.S. election, particularly around mail-in ballots, were repeatedly amplified by political leaders and media figures despite lacking substantial evidence. These allegations led many people to believe the election results were illegitimate, fueling the "Stop the Steal" movement.The culmination of this misinformation was the January 6, 2021, storming of the U.S. Capitol, where a group of individuals, motivated by false claims, attempted to overturn the election results.

 

This movie become good example of "post - truth". There protagonist try to convey that what happened on 2nd October. 

As of 2018, political commentators and academic researchers have identified post-truth politics as ascendant in many nations, notably Australia, Brazil, India, Ghana, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, among others.

For further reading

Role of digital platforms like WhatsApp, social media, and influencers in spreading post-truth narratives :

Digital platforms like WhatsApp, social media, and influencers play a crucial role in spreading post-truth narratives by amplifying misinformation and emotionally charged content. On WhatsApp and similar encrypted messaging platforms, misinformation can spread rapidly within private groups due to the ease of forwarding messages and the trust users place in content shared by friends or family. This makes it difficult for fact-checkers to intervene, allowing falsehoods to circulate unchecked. Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram also contribute to the post-truth environment through algorithmic amplification, which prioritizes emotionally engaging content, often favoring misinformation over factual information. This creates echo chambers, where users are only exposed to viewpoints that reinforce their preexisting beliefs, making it harder to challenge false narratives.

Influencers, with their large followings and personal connection to their audiences, further exacerbate the issue by endorsing or promoting misinformation, whether intentionally or not. Their emotionally relatable messaging can make followers more receptive to misleading content, while some may also push hidden agendas or paid narratives, distorting public discourse. As a result, these platforms have become breeding grounds for misinformation, deepening societal divisions and shaping public opinion through emotionally charged, factually questionable content.

Discuss strategies you use or plan to use to remain critical of the information you receive online.

To remain critical of online information, I focus on cross-referencing multiple reputable sources to verify consistency and accuracy, as relying on a single source can lead to misinformation. Fact-checking tools like Snopes or PolitiFact are valuable in debunking false claims, especially when content spreads quickly on social media. Additionally, I stay skeptical of viral or emotionally charged content, as such information is often designed to provoke reactions rather than inform. Assessing the credibility of the source is crucial, ensuring that information comes from outlets or individuals with journalistic or academic integrity. Lastly, being aware of bias helps me understand potential agendas behind the content, allowing for a more balanced and informed perspective.

 

Indian initiative in countering fake news and disinformation :

The Union Government and media houses in India are making attempts to decipher real facts from fake once. For example, the India Today Group runs the India Today Anti Fake News War Room., with the hashtag #AFWAFactCheck and fact checking initiatives are begin. 

Here are list of initiatives undertaken by India... https://mkbu.refread.com

In some cases this initiatives can help us to decipher right information or fact. 

Summarize the importance of being aware of post-truth dynamics.

Being aware of post-truth dynamics is crucial because, in a post-truth environment, emotional appeals and personal beliefs often take precedence over objective facts. This can undermine trust in institutions, distort public debate, and fuel misinformation. Awareness helps individuals critically evaluate information, resist manipulation, and promote a more informed and rational discourse. It also emphasizes the importance of media literacy, fact-checking, and safeguarding democratic processes from being influenced by false or misleading narratives.

References :

https://mkbu.refread.com//#/emailDocument/15092024082603832_59eeb0ed

https://mkbu.refread.com//#/emailDocument/15092024082603827_9fabce3d

https://mkbu.refread.com//#/emailDocument/15092024142509930_bd2bcdef

https://blog.dilipbarad.com/2017/01/post-truth-word-of-year-2016.html?m=1

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-truth

Characteristics of Romantic Poetry

 Introduction :

Romantic poetry was a literary movement that originated in Europe in the 18th century and was later adopted in America. It was a reaction to the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and science, and was inspired by the French Revolution and other European self-determination movements. 

 

Here are some examples of Romantic poetry:

1) Lyrical Ballads

2) The Rime of Ancient Mariner

3) The Prelude

4) Ode to a Nightingale etc. 

Characteristics of Romantic poetry :

Romantic poetry, which flourished from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, is characterized by several distinct features:

 

1. Emphasis on Emotions and Imagination

 Romantic poets valued intense personal emotions and the imagination over reason and logic. They explored deep feelings and often conveyed a sense of personal experience and emotional depth. For instance, William Wordsworth’s "Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey" reflects his emotional response to nature and personal growth.In 1833,John Stuart Mill described poetry as 

"Feeling itself using thought only as a way to express it. "

 

Highlighting the importance of imagination in romantic poetry, Coleridge asserts:

"Imagination is everything. It is the source of all creation".

Similarly, Blake writes:

 

"One power alone make poet;

Imagination, the divine vision. "

2. Celebration of Nature

 Nature is a central theme in Romantic poetry, often seen as a source of inspiration and a reflection of the poet’s inner state. Nature is not just a backdrop but a living, breathing entity that influences and reflects human emotions. 

Wordsworth’s "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" (also known as "Daffodils") exemplifies this, as it depicts the beauty and uplifting power of nature.

 Also in his another poem lines composed a few Miles above Tinter Abbey.. 

" Nature never did betray, 

The heart that loved her. "

3. Focus on the Individual

Romantic poetry often explores the individual's inner life, personal identity, and subjective experiences. Poets like Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley delved into the complexities of the self and individualism. 

Byron’s "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" is an example where the poet uses the narrative of a wanderer to explore themes of self-exploration and personal freedom.

William Blake, a poet, captured this idea of individual perspective or individual in his lines:

"To see a world in a Grain of sand 

And a Heaven in a wild flowers

Hold Infinity in the palm of your bond

And Eternity in an hour".

4. Interest in the Past and the Exotic  

Romantic poets frequently looked to the past or to exotic locations as sources of inspiration. This interest was often combined with a sense of nostalgia or longing. Shelley's "Ozymandias" reflects on the ruins of a once-great civilization, evoking themes of impermanence and the passage of time.

 

5.Exploration of the Supernatural and the Mysterious

Romantic poetry often incorporates elements of the supernatural, the mysterious, and the Gothic. This reflects an interest in exploring the unknown and the sublime.

 Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" is a notable example, with its tale of an ancient mariner who encounters supernatural forces.

 

6.Innovative Use of Form and Style  

Romantic poets experimented with traditional forms and styles, favoring more fluid and expressive structures. They often used vivid imagery, symbolic language, and lyrical expression to convey their themes.

Conclusion :

These characteristics collectively define Romantic poetry, making it a rich and diverse genre that continues to be studied and appreciated for its emotional depth, imaginative power, and innovative style.

On 31 August,2k24   We had an amazing day at Victoria Park! 🌿 We started by soaking in the natural beauty of the park, which set a perfect tone for the day. Next, we expressed our creativity through drawing and poetry writing inspired by poets of Romantic age like William Wordsworth,Samuel Tylor Coleridge etc. Romantic age totally emphasis the beauty of nature. 

After sharing our creations with poetry recitations, Also we had fun games and mind game. Mind game include one activity,which was related to The book Ikigai by Héctor García and Francesc Miralles.Activity focuses on finding life's purpose through the Japanese concept of ikigai. It links mental well-being and happiness to identifying and pursuing what you love, are good at, what the world needs, and what you can be rewarded for.Then we had lively Garba and a delicious lunch was enjoyed by all, and we wrapped up our day with the visit of lake. Amazing day with the inspiration, joy, and memorable experiences.

Thanks to Megha Trivedi ma'm and Prakruti Bhatt ma'm for organizing such wonderful visit.Here is drawing which was made by me at Victoria Park, Bhavnagar. 

Virtual Teacher's Day celebration

Hello everyone! 

This blog is made for the collective memory of Teacher's Day celebration🎊. Department of English (MKBU) organize virtual Teacher's Day celebration. As part of our participation , I prepared one short video in you tube on 'Empiricism' in Augustan Age. Then, also I upload this video on Ted Ed platform and organize quize for quick learning. 

You Tube link 🔗👇

Link for Quize 🔗👇

https://forms.gle/tCArR6AkCKLfeKHA7

Ted Ed link 🔗👇

https://ed.ted.com/on/mqiVXwAE